pg.+460+and+pg.+481

__** Pg. 460 **__

of other gases like methane and ozone.
 * 6)** Convection is not involved in B.
 * 7)** Kelvin.
 * 8)** No, the air is also made up of nitrogen and a small amount of argon and carbon dioxide. There are also traces
 * 9)** A: Stratosphere B: Thermosphere
 * 10)** They are slowing down and moving around less.
 * 11)** No, temperature is the measure of AVERAGE KINETIC energy, while thermal energy is the measure of TOTAL KINETIC energy.
 * 12)** The molecules move farther apart and collide less, resulting in less atmospheric pressure and less density.
 * 13)** The dense high pressure moves towards low pressure areas creating winds.
 * 14)**
 * < **High pressure systems** ||< **Low pressure systems** ||
 * < Happens over a cool region ||< Happens over a warm region ||
 * < The air mass cools, and becomes denser, resulting in the high pressure air sinking ||< The air mass warms and becomes less dense, resulting in the low pressure air rising ||
 * < Wind moves clockwise around high pessure centre ||< Wind moves counterclockwise around low pressure centre ||
 * < Usually results in clear skies ||< Usually results in wet weather ||

**15)** It deflects winds to counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern.
 * 16)** Some locations are darker and more closed up than others. For example, forests are darker areas that are usually shaded so they have a lower albedo while snow covered areas are bright and reflect radiation easily so they have a higher albedo. Also, it depends how much solar radiation reaches the certain location. Areas that don't get as much radiation have a lower albedo.
 * 17)** Tornadoes are violent, funnel-shaped columns of rotating air that touch the ground. Hurricanes are results of warm air rushing towards low pressure areas to replace rising air and the coriolis effect which forces the air to move counterclockwise.
 * 18)** **a)** East **b)** There is a stationary front. **c)** Rain

=____Pg. 481____= **6)** Paleoclimatologists use ice cores, the rings in tree trunks, or fossils to study past climates.
 * 7)** Certain plant life, soil, geography and climate.
 * 8)** In an El Nino event, trade winds moving west weaken therefore warm waters move eastward whereas in a La Nina event, trade winds are stronger pushing the warm waters farther west.
 * 9)** a) BC would have very cold winters and very hot summers. b) BC would have very hot winters and very cold summers.
 * 10)** The earth's wobble changes the point where the north pole points (Polaris - Vega) which affects the angle of incidence, affecting the climate as well. The more the angle of incidence, the less solar radiation you recieve, the colder it gets.
 * 12)** The dust and debris that is given off from the impact blocks out sunlight and solar radiation causing the earth below to cool down. Also, superheated gases are given off and rise in the atmosphere. They absorb the solar radiation causing the troposphere to cool down.
 * 13)** The more elliptical (oval) the shape of the orbit is, the less solar radiation it gets (because it's farther away), causing cooler climate.
 * 14)** CO2 is a greenhouse gas that absorbs heat radiation and sends it back to earth keeping it warm. Therefore, the ice core shows that before (deep in the ice core) there wasn't a lot of CO2 which shows that earth was very cold. However, with time, more CO2 started forming, making earth warmer.
 * 15)** **a)** Winter **b)** B because it is in direct contact with the sun's rays. **c)** B (it's angle of incidence is the smallest). **d)** B and C because they both lie on the equator and the angle of incidence is the same.